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Chapter 12
BUSINESS RELATIONSHIPS
Handling Daily Business Decisions
WHAT IS MEANT by the term business basics? In our context the term refers to the absolute minimum standards any Christian should accept for conducting business. However a problem can arise when what you consider normal or acceptable may be contrary to standards set by God. You need to be mindful of the fact that it is easy to be misled by Satan. Therefore, you must be very careful and wise.
First of all, you need to guard against anything that may drive a wedge between you and God. For example, Satan may tempt you to focus on acquiring too much or too little money. Both extremes can produce the same result in that your eyes are taken off of God. Either way you are prevented from living as He would have you live in the world and before your fellow workers.
In directing you to share His message with nonbelievers, Christ intends that you share it with employees as well. This may involve taking a stand or. being willing to share when God gives an opportunity. But there is need for discretion, which requires a sensitivity to circumstances and timing. Because Christians in business share Christ in part through products and services, there is an incentive to provide quality service and / or merchandise. Proverbs 22:29 says, ”Do you see a man who is skilled in his work? He will serve before kings; he will not serve before obscure men.” Your goal should be to reflect Christ in your businesses. In other words, everything you do be done to the best of your ability. Excellence ought to be a trait that so characterizes Christians that when people think of quality, they automatically associate it with Christians they know.
Wisdom, or the lack of it, affects all interpersonal relationships. But just how does this happen? Proverbs suggests an answer: ”Let love and faithfulness never leave you; bind them around your neck, write them on the tablet of your heart. Then you will win favor and a good name in the sight of God and man” (323-4).
Owners of businesses will view relationships differently than do their employees, vendors, or customers. At the outset, a business owner needs to be cautioned not to get too wrapped up in his own importance. It is important to remember: ”Pride goes before destruction, a haughty spirit before a fall” (PROVERBS 16:18). Within the business structure the “fall” referred to here can be linked to disagreements among business associates. Pride, frequently the culprit in those arguments (PROVERBS 13:10), can easily ruin otherwise successful relationships.
Partnerships
Apart from the problem of pride, disagreements between partners may arise from different value systems. Partnerships, over extended periods of time, call for mutual compromise. However, many times non-Christians will not want to compromise in areas that are important to Christians. If you want to test your partner, you might suggest that the company tithe its profits! It is this issue of tithing that frequently brings to light any differences in values between partners. In considering tithing in a business, the first step is a step of faith. Recall what the book of Hebrews says: ”Now faith is being sure of what we hope for and certain of what we do not see” (HEBREWS 11:1). In other words, if you take a step when you can see ahead, you have not exercised faith. Each step of faith is based on trusting God’s Word when you do not know what lies ahead.
A non-Christian partner will find it hard to understand the concept of working toward advancing a kingdom that seemingly brings few personal rewards. On the other hand, the Christian partner knows that God did not promise material prosperity for merely obeying His rules; God has more than an individual’s material gain in mind. Not surprisingly, friction is all but inevitable when partners have different personal agendas, particularly when one of them is concerned specifically with his own financial gain.
If two or more Christians decide to become ”yoked together,” and if they are spiritually incompatible, their potential for effective ministry through the business could be limited. It is advisable for partners to discuss their differences in outlook and come to a mutual agreement beforehand rather than to wait until a crisis arises and bitter feelings may develop. For example, partners need to share a common level of commitment to biblically based business practices.
Each should also examine his Own motives for entering into a partnership.Is the primary intent of the partnership financial? If this is the case, check the principle taught in Matthew 6:24 to be sure that serving the wrong master is not the result. “No one can serve two masters, for either he will hate the one and love the other, or he will be devoted to the one and despise the other. You cannot serve God and money.”
Christians are told in II Corinthians 6:14 not to be bound together with unbelievers. “Do not be yoked together with unbelievers. For what do righteousness and wickedness have in common? Or what fellowship can light have with darkness?” This instruction also applies to business partnerships. But what should be done in the case of an already established “unequally yoked ” business partnership? Proverbs 6:2-3 speaks to this issue, and gives some difficult advice:
“If you have been trapped by what you said, ensnared by the words of your mouth, then do this, my son, to free yourself, since you have fallen into your neighbor’s hands: Go and humble yourself; press your plea with your neighbor!”
From this it would appear that dealing with one’s partner calls for humility. Tendencies toward pride may be countered effectively by a humble, yet realistic, perception of oneself.
”Do you see a man skilled in his work? He will serve before kings; he will not serve before obscure men” (PROVERBS 22:29).
This bit of proverbial realism should keep those in business from succumbing to the seductive gauntlet of flatterers and admirers. ”Wealth brings many friends, but a poor man’s friend deserts him” (PROVERBS 19:4). Such a statement is almost trite because there are so many examples. ”Many curry favor with a ruler, and everyone is the friend of a man who gives gifts” (PROVERBS 19:6).
Realizing this, ”a righteous man is cautious in friendship” (PROVERBS 12:26). Wise owners therefore form partnerships and working alliances with great care. Owners bear the ultimate responsibility before God and the people around them for their companies. If they make significant mistakes, they pick up the pieces.
Keeping Agreements
”He who conceals his sins does not prosper, but whoever confesses and renounces them finds mercy” (PROVERBS 28:13). From time to time it becomes necessary for individuals to publicly admit a mistake and change course. In fact, this may be the only solution for restoring a righteous position. Candid and honest admission of error is far better than rationalizations that get twisted.
”When words are many, sin is not absent” (PROVERBS 10:19). ”If you say ‘But we knew nothing about this,’ does not he who weighs the heart perceive it? Does not he who guards your life know it? Will he not repay each person according to what he has done?” (PROVERBS 24:12).
These verses all advocate being honest whenever one is in error. In addition to being humble you should be dependable. When your word is given, it ought to be kept no matter what the cost. Scripture admonishes Christians to be dependable, and you ought to be the most dependable people around “Now it is required that those who have been given a trust must prove faithful” (I CORINTHIANS 4:2).
How should a business person handle a situation when a promise has been made to do a certain job for a specific price and she subsequently realizes that the price of raw materials has gone up? Worse yet, what if an error was made in the cost-price calculation? Should you attempt to ”escape” the problem by denying responsibility if nothing was put in writing and no legal evidence of an agreement exists? Alternately, should you lie and say that the particular price claimed was never really stated? Before you answer, let us look at what King David did. In wondering about who could stand in the presence of the Lord, he answered his own question by saying,
”He whose walk is blameless and who does what is righteous, who speaks the truth from his heart and has no slander on his tongue, who does his neighbor no wrong and casts no slur on his fellow man, who despises a vile man but honors those who fear the LORD, who keeps his oath even when it hurts” (PSALM 15:1-4).
It is all but inevitable that in business, people will discover (sooner or later) that they have made a bad deal. In such a case, they need to implement a second basic principle. They must try to limit their losses. God expects you to honor your word, even if an error costs you something. Solomon admonishes you to plead your case with whomever the original verbal contract was made, to seek release from that individual and freedom from the obligation. “If you are snared in the words of your mouth, caught in the words of your mouth, then do this, my son, and save yourself, for you have come into the hand of your neighbor: go, hasten, and plead urgently with your neighbor. Give your eyes no sleep and your eyelids no slumber; save yourself like a gazelle from the hand of the hunter, like a bird from the hand of the fowler.” (PROVERBS 6:2-5). Biblical principles dictate that you as a Christian keep your word, whether it be written or spoken. Visible signs of our society’s increasing spiritual decay indicate that fewer and fewer willingly keep vows and promises. This is evident not only in current rates of divorce and bankruptcy, but in shrewd business dealings where the language of a contract is intended to allow for an “out” later, if necessary (or desirable). Scripture makes clear that a promise is not to be taken lightly
“Guard your steps when you go to the house of God. Go near to listen rather than to offer the sacrifice of fools, who do not know that they do wrong. Do not be quick with your mouth, do not be hasty in your heart to utter anything before God. God is in heaven and you are on earth, so let your words be few. As a dream comes when there are many cares, so the speech of a fool when there are many words. When you make a vow to God, do not delay in fulfilling it. He has no pleasure in fools; fulfill your vow. It is better not to vow than to make a vow and not fulfill it. Do not let your mouth lead you into sin. And do not protest to the temple messenger, ’My vow was a mistake.’ Why should God be angry at what you say and destroy the work of your hands? Much dreaming and many words are meaningless. Therefore stand in awe of God” (ECCLESIASTES 521-7).
God’s own character is such that, once He made His commitment to His people, He never backed down, even though the Israelites did. Luke 9:23-25 does not guarantee that God will protect you from wrongful losses if you keep your vows.
”Then he said to them all: ‘If anyone would come after me, he must deny himself and take up his cross daily and follow me. For whoever wants to save his life will lose it, but whoever loses his life for me will save it. What good is it for a man to gain the whole world, and yet lose or forfeit his very self?”
In Ecclesiastes 5:6, you see that God does not intend for you to back out of a vow you made if a better deal should appear. ”Do not let your mouth lead you into sin. And do not protest to the temple messenger, ‘My vow was a mistake.’ Why should God be angry at what you say and destroy the work of your hands?”
The vow stands regardless of whether it is convenient, or beneficial. Christians in business should not allow themselves to be impressed by tactics of the world’s marketplace, where people are encouraged to break one contract to enter a ”better one.” For God’s people, the principle still stands! You should not make agreements foolishly, but once made, agreements are to be kept! ”God delights in those who keep their promises and abhors those who don’t” (PROVERBS 12:22).
Lawsuits
Scripture is quite clear when it comes to lawsuits between Christians:
”If any of you has a dispute with another, dare he take it before the ungodly for judgment instead of before the saints? Do you not know that the saints will judge the world? And if you are to judge the world, are you not competent to judge trivial cases? Do you not know that we will judge angels? How much more the things this life! Therefore, if you have disputes about such matters, appoint as judges even men of little account in the church! I say this to shame you. Is it possible that there is nobody among you wise enough to judge a dispute between believers? But instead, one brother goes to law against another – and this in front of unbelievers! The very fact that you have lawsuits among you means you have been completely defeated already. Why not rather be wronged? Why not rather be cheated? Instead, you yourselves cheat and do wrong, and you do this to your brothers” (1 CORINTHIANS 6:1-8).
But, what about lawsuits in general? What about the non-Christian?
“What you have seen with your eyes do not bring hastily to court, for what will you do in the end if your neighbor puts you to shame?” (PROVERBS 25:7-8).
“If a wise man goes to court with a fool, the fool rages and scoffs, and there is no peace” (PROVERBS 29:9).
”Why don’t you judge for yourselves what is right? As you are going with your adversary to the magistrate, try hard to be reconciled to him on the way, or he may drag you off to the judge, and the judge turn you over to the officer, and the officer throw you into prison”Z (LUKE 12:57-58).
”You have heard that it was said, ’Eye for eye, and tooth for tooth.’ But I tell you, do not resist an evil person. If someone strikes you on the right cheek, turn to him the other also. And If someone wants to sue you and take your tunic, let him have your cloak as well” (MATTHEW 5:38-40).
The Hiring Process
Before such relationships begin, employers need to keep this in mind: ”Like an archer who wounds at random is he who hires a fool or any passerby (PROVERBS 26:10). Many serious business problems can be avoided through wise employment policies. Once workers are hired, employers assume certain responsibilities. If it is true that ”A righteous man cares for the needs of his animal” (PROVERBS 12:10), how much more should a righteous employer care for the needs of her employees? Fair wages and benefits, safe and healthy working conditions, reasonable vacation periods and sick leave are some of the obvious ways of caring, for needs of employees.
How does one select potential employees? An appropriate question for a Christian employer to ask is, ”Do I hire only Christians to work in my business?” Usually this question is motivated by concerns for operating a business according to God’s principles, and fears that non-Christians might undermine those objectives. Since God’s Word does not speak directly to the subject on hiring employees, it may be well to examine this issue by drawing a parallel with nonbelievers in the local church. In any case, the key here is to discover, how a business can manifest the character of God in reaching nonbelievers. The local/national laws applying to employees must be followed. If religious discrimination is forbidden, you cannot hire based on a person’s Christian faith. In I Corinthians 5:9-10, Paul dealt with the matter of not excluding unbelievers from the “church.”
“I have written you in my letter not to associate with sexually immoral people — not at all meaning the people of this world. But now I am writing to you that you must not associate with anyone who claims to be a brother or sister but is sexually immoral or greedy, an idolater or slanderer, a drunkard or swindler.”
While this principle can conceivably be applied to a business, you should not make the mistake of thinking that hiring only Christians will prevent employee problems. If one of your goals is to reach nonbelievers, should you not do this through providing employment? Recall another Scripture verse: “A faithful employee is as refreshing as a cool day in the hot summertime” (PROVERBS 25:13). And in the 19th verse it adds, ”Putting confidence in an unreliable man is like chewing with a sore tooth, or trying to run on a broken foot.”
Actually, great care and discernment must be taken when hiring new people. It is not just the future of the business that is at stake, but also the life of the particular individual being considered. Although it is important to be ”equally yoked,” for some tasks certain non-Christian employees may be a good choice. Finally, in the US. it is against the law to make an employment choice based on religion. All employees must be hired without regard to religious beliefs.
Vendors And Customers: Paying What Is Owed
Decisions to be honest or dishonest, ethical or unethical, Christian or non Christian in financial matters, should not depend on whether or not you think God will bless you for making them. You need to set priorities related to suppliers, employees, customers, and owners. This is really the message of Proverbs 3:27-28 which says, ”Never withhold from a man to whom it is due and never pay later when it is within your ability to pay now.” Ask yourself who it was that demonstrated real trust in you. Might it be a supplier who extended you credit when delivering your materials? If so, paying his bill should be a number one priority.
The relationship between businesspersons and vendors/ customers should be governed by three principles. The first involves credit, which is an immediate consideration for any business. Passages in Proverbs speak to this. Two such passages advise against giving easy credit:
”He who puts up security for another will surely suffer, but whoever refuses to strike hands in pledge is safe” (11:15); and, ”A man lacking in judgment strikes hands in pledge and puts up security for his neighbor” (17:18).
Others stress the need to remain willing to help the deserving:
”He who is kind to the poor lends to the LORD, and he will reward him for what he has done” (19:17), while avoiding usury: ”He who increases his wealth by exorbitant interest amasses it for another, who will be kind to the poor” (28:8).
No debt should be thoughtlessly incurred even though business may require some extension of credit for certain materials.
”Do not be a man who strikes hands in pledge or puts up security for debts; If you lack the means to pay, your very bed will be snatched from under you (22:26-27), for the “borrower is servant to the lender” (22:7).
You are to treat your creditors fairly. They are the people who have entrusted you with their money. You are to be honest with them, to tell them the truth. Whenever you willingly incur a further debt, knowing all the while that you cannot pay the debt you already have, you are being dishonest.
Treating Employees And Others Fairly
Integrity in business# dealings precludes false statements, or deceitful records and contracts. ”A false witness will not go unpunished, and he who pours out lies will perish” (PROVERBS 19:9). Rather than living with practices, honest employees will quit and seek employment elsewhere “Better a poor man whose walk is blameless than a rich man whose ways are perverse” (PROVERBS 28:6). Sooner or later truth will come to light. ”The man of integrity walks securely, but he who takes crooked paths will be found out” (PROVERBS 10:9). Questionable practices such as stockpiling (to achieve a monopoly or drive prices up) are unprincipled. ”People curse the man who hoards grain, but blessing crowns him who is willing to sell (PROVERBS 11:26).
The concept of fairness is taught in the Old Testament (PROVERBS 1:3) and it is reiterated by Christ in the New Testament: ”I desire mercy, not sacrifice (MATTHEW 12:7). That sounds very simple, but consider the implications. What you do with your money indicates what you believe in. Are you generous? Are you quick to pay what you owe? Do you treat people fairly, even when it puts you at a disadvantage? Do you give others the benefit of the doubt? Or, when in doubt, do you let them win, or are you always concerned about protecting your own rights? What Christ really seems to be saying is: ”I would rather have you be a caring people than a profitable people.”
For those who cheat others, they are soon apt to find that, ”Food gained by fraud tastes sweet to a man, but he ends up with a mouth full of gravel (PROVERBS 20:17), and that, ”A fortune made by a lying tongue is a fleeting vapor and a deadly snare” (PROVERBS 21:6). Ultimately “Dishonest money dwindles away” (PROVERBS 13:11). Proverbs has much to say about treatment of the poor. For example, no wise business person will exploit the easily exploitable, whether through enticing advertising, selling what is not needed, or by means of high interest and hasty foreclosure procedures (PROVERBS 22:16, 22-23). A truly wise person does their best to help the poor.
”He who oppresses the poor to increase his wealth and he who gives gifts to the rich — both come to poverty” (22:16). ”Do not exploit the poor because they are poor and do not crush the needy in court, for the LORD will take up their case and will plunder those who plunder them” (22:22-23).
How do you honor people? The people most owners of businesses have opportunity to honor are their employees. With those you genuinely desire to honor — fellow workers, employees, customers, vendors, even the poor and destitute — your underlying attitude will shine through. In fact, it will be evident enough that everyone will recognize it. Because all workers have a basic need for self-esteem and approval, employers should find ways to give deserved compliments generously. “A cheerful look brings joy to the heart, and good news gives health to the bones” (PROVERBS 15:30). The challenge to excel will require rewards suited to each worker’s unique needs, qualities, and skills. But let the boss also take care how much honor is given, and to whom: ”Like tying a stone in a sling is the giving of honor to a fool (PROVERBS 26:8).
A good manager will not be rude or unkind to employees. “A generous man will prosper; he who refreshes others will himself be refreshed” (PROVERBS 11:25). Employees want to feel their employer is ”on their side.” Yet the employer must balance strong leadership with appropriately applied discipline. “If a man pampers his servant from youth, he will bring grief in the end” (PROVERBS 29:21).
To honor someone means not looking down on someone because of his or her position. Christ gave us many a parable that deals with this matter. Remember the incident of the two men who entered the temple. Both were Jewish. One was a Pharisee who fasted daily, tithed, memorized Scripture and frequently quoted religious verses. The other man was a tax-gatherer. The Pharisee said, “Lord, I sure am glad I am not like him over there. I praise your name that I am really righteous.” The other man simply fell on his face and said, “God forgive me; I know I am a sinner.” Jesus then asked the religious leaders, ”Which of these do you think went away justified?” God is not a respecter of persons. He is a respecter of attitudes, and that is what He wants you to be. As followers of Christ, you too are to respect attitudes.
Owners should also make sure that their employees realize they have a stake in the success of the enterprise. This means that, contrary to the mentality common in society, employees should not be made to feel they occupy an adversarial relationship with their employers. By conscientiously taking responsibilities for assigned jobs, workers’ rewards will consist of more than wages. Helping to make an owner’s job easier may even elicit promotion. As it says in Proverbs, ”He who tends a fig tree will eat its fruit, and he who looks after his master will be honored ” (PROVERBS 27:18).
Dismissing Employees
This brings us to the matter of discharging or laying-off employees. Is this biblically acceptable for a Christian employer? Occasionally, Christian employers are faced with making decisions about dismissals. If there has been poor communication on the part of the employer in defining the job or in setting job standards, dismissal may not be warranted. But sometimes the necessity arises from employee dishonesty, disloyalty, disruption of other employees’ work, or incompatibility. Should early offenses continue to be ignored, subsequent termination decisions may be made in anger or out of frustration. Those affected will be deeply hurt. Moreover, trying initially to avoid hurting an employee will result in even greater hurt because dismissal of the employee will come seemingly without warning.
At the opposite extreme are Christian employers who cannot bring themselves to deal with disloyal or dishonest workers. But it is important to understand that there are legitimate reasons for dismissal, some of which are stated in the Bible. God desires that Christians be fair, but also firm with unruly employees. One characteristic of exercising proper authority is the ability to discipline. Employees who are allowed the freedom to dissent or disrupt with little or no restraint may actually destroy an entire business from within. ”A city or home [or business] divided against itself cannot stand (MATTHEW 12:25).
You need to reflect on what God means when He says, in Matthew 9:13, ”‘I desire mercy, not sacrifice.’ For I have not come to call the righteous, but sinners.” On the other hand the writer says, in Ecclesiastes 8:11, that a good leader will learn that tolerating unruly subordinates is not a demonstration of compassion. ”When the sentence for a crime is not quickly carried out, the hearts of the people are filled with schemes to do wrong.” Proverbs 14:29 tells us that a good leader is not to act swiftly every time. ”A patient man has great understanding, but a quick-tempered man displays folly.” To avoid the mistake of hastiness, your business may benefit from the following procedures:
- Define job descriptions clearly
- Define job standards intelligently;
- Review job performances frequently;
- Establish a good employee/employer. Communication system.
Following these procedures can prevent heartaches and headaches on the part of both employers and employees. But you must continually examine the biblical principles involved:
- Dishonesty – ”A false witness will perish, and whoever listens to him will be
destroyed forever” (PROVERBS 21:28); - Laziness/Incompetence – ”One who is slack in his work is brother to one who
destroys” (PROVERBS 18:9); - Disobedience/Agitator – ”Like a bad tooth or a lame foot is reliance on the un-
faitlful in times of trouble” (PROVERBS 25:19)
Similarly, disgruntled employees should remember that ”It is to a man’s honor to avoid strife, but every fool is quick to quarrel” (PROVERBS 20:3). But if an employer is in the wrong, what is an employee’s recourse? “Through patience a ruler can be persuaded, and a gentle tongue can break a bone” (PROVERBS 25:15).
God said, “I want you to be patient.” While fools always speak hastily, wise men will consider their words very carefully. God wants Christians, whether employers or employees, to be the most patient people around. He would like you to give everyone the benefit of the doubt.
Showing Honor Through Wages
You are to pay employees fairly. This idea is stressed throughout Scripture. You are told not to withhold what is due from those to whom it is due, not to withhold from your brother, and not to cheat ”the worker in the field,” and God himself oversees and will take action on behalf of those wronged. Christian employers therefore have an indisputable responsibility to pay their employees enough to live on, or to be careful not to hire anyone who cannot live on the wages offered.
God’s Word does not teach that everyone must be paid the highest amount possible, or even identical amounts. But He does set some rules when it comes to paying employees. One of these rules is that a worker must not be “cheated” out of his wages. It suggests two criteria to accomplish this: pay what a job is worth and pay what a worker needs. This sounds easy, but how do you know what a worker really needs? (What she needs may differ considerably from what she wants.) Put yourself in her place and struggle from her position about lifestyle.
Many employees do superior work or, by virtue of their very character, enhance the work environment. This kind of employee would seem worthy of greater reward and should be paid accordingly. Employers and/or managers who are Christians can adopt the biblical approach by viewing the needs of those under their care as being as important (if not more important) than their own. In Malachi 3:5, God speaks about cheating a worker of a fair wage in the same way He speaks of sorcery and adultery!
”’So I will come near to you for judgment. I will be quick to testify against sorcerers, adulterers and perjurers, against those who defraud laborers of their wages, who oppress the widows and the fatherless, and deprive aliens of justice, but do not fear me,’ says the LORD Almighty.”
Even as I Timothy 5:8, applies to heads of families, it can also apply to employers in a business family. ”If anyone does not provide for his relatives, and especially for his immediate family, he has denied the faith and is worse than an unbeliever.” Remember the warning given to Christian leaders in James 5:4-5.
“Look! The wages you failed to pay the workmen who mowed your fields are crying out against you. The cries of the harvesters have reached the ears of the Lord Almighty. You have lived on earth in luxury and self-indulgence. You have fattened yourselves in the day of slaughter.”
As indicated earlier, it is not a general biblical principle to ”pay everyone the same.” For example, ”The elders who direct the anfiairs of the church well are worthy of double honor, especially those whose work is preaching and teaching” (1 TIMOTHY 5:17). According to Philippians 2:4, employers may be able to help an employee who has a problem. ”Each of you should look not only to your own interests, but also to the interests of others.” Note also in this connection II Corinthians 8:14, ”At the present time your plenty will supply what they need, so that in turn their plenty will supply what you need. Then there will be equality . . . ”
Employers, do you know the needs of your employees? You need to be aware of their needs if you are to have any part in meeting them.
Honesty, Integrity, And Truthfulness
One of the most astounding assessments of Christ is this summary: ”He had done nothing wrong, and he had never lied” (ISAIAH 53:9). Jesus was extremely honest. His every word accurate, His every sentence true. No cheating on tests. No altering the accounts. Not once did Jesus stretch or shade the truth. Not once did He avoid the truth. He simply told the truth. No deceit was found in his mouth. And if God has His way with you, none will be found in yours. He longs for you to be just like Jesus. His plan is to shape you along the lines of His Son. He seeks not to decrease or minimize your deception but to eliminate your deception. God is blunt about dishonesty: ”No one who is dishonest will live in my house” (PSALMS 101:7). Your Master has a strict honor code. From Genesis to Revelation, the theme is the same: God loves the truth and hates deceit.
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Chapter 12: Business Relationships
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