1700 – 005 – Human Trafficking: TVPA Minimum Standards

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Human Trafficking

Part 5 of a 7 part series

TVPA Minimum Standards for the Elimination of Trafficking in Persons

Trafficking Victims Protection Act of 2000, Div. A of Pub. L. No. 106-386, § 108, as amended.

1. The government of the country should prohibit severe forms of trafficking in persons and punish acts of such trafficking.

2. For the knowing commission of any act of sex trafficking involving force, fraud, coercion, or in which the victim of sex trafficking is a child incapable of giving meaningful consent, or of trafficking which includes rape or kidnapping or which causes a death, the government of the country should prescribe punishment commensurate with that for grave crimes, such as forcible sexual assault.

3. For the knowing commission of any act of a severe form of trafficking in persons, the government of the country should prescribe punishment that is sufficiently stringent to deter and that adequately reflects the heinous nature of the offense.

4. The government of the country should make serious and sustained efforts to eliminate severe forms of trafficking in persons.

Indicia of “Serious and Sustained Efforts” 

1. Whether the government of the country vigorously investigates and prosecutes acts of severe forms of trafficking in persons, and convicts and sentences persons responsible for such acts, that take place wholly or partly within the territory of the country, including, as appropriate, requiring incarceration of individuals convicted of such acts. For purposes of the preceding sentence, suspended or significantly reduced sentences for convictions of principal actors in cases of severe forms of trafficking in persons shall be considered, on a case-by-case basis, whether to be considered an indicator of serious and sustained efforts to eliminate severe forms of trafficking in persons. After reasonable requests from the Department of State for data regarding investigations, prosecutions, convictions, and sentences, a government which does not provide such data, consistent with a demonstrably increasing capacity of such government to obtain such data, shall be presumed not to have vigorously investigated, prosecuted, convicted or sentenced such acts.

2. Whether the government of the country protects victims of severe forms of trafficking in persons and encourages their assistance in the investigation and prosecution of such trafficking, including provisions for legal alternatives to their removal to countries in which they would face retribution or hardship, and ensures that victims are not inappropriately incarcerated, fined, or otherwise penalized solely for unlawful acts as a direct result of being trafficked, including by providing training to law enforcement and immigration officials regarding the identification and treatment of trafficking victims using approaches that focus on the needs of the victims.

3. Whether the government of the country has adopted measures to prevent severe forms of trafficking in persons, such as measures to inform and educate the public, including potential victims, about the causes and consequences of severe forms of trafficking in persons, measures to establish the identity of local populations, including birth registration, citizenship, and nationality, measures to ensure that its nationals who are deployed abroad as part of a diplomatic, peacekeeping, or other similar mission do not engage in or facilitate severe forms of trafficking in persons or exploit victims of such trafficking, a transparent system for remediating or punishing such public officials as a deterrent, measures to prevent the use of forced labor or child labor in violation of international standards, effective bilateral, multilateral, or regional information sharing and cooperation arrangements with other countries, and effective policies or laws regulating foreign labor recruiters and holding them civilly and criminally liable for fraudulent recruiting.

4. Whether the government of the country cooperates with other governments in the investigation and prosecution of severe forms of trafficking in persons and has entered into bilateral, multilateral, or regional law enforcement cooperation and coordination arrangements with other countries.

5. Whether the government of the country extradites persons charged with acts of severe forms of trafficking in persons on substantially the same terms and to substantially the same extent as persons charged with other serious crimes (or, to the extent such extradition would be inconsistent with the laws of such country or with international agreements to which the country is a party, whether the government is taking all appropriate measures to modify or replace such laws and treaties so as to permit such extradition).

6. Whether the government of the country monitors immigration and emigration patterns for evidence of severe forms of trafficking in persons and whether law enforcement agencies of the country respond to any such evidence in a manner that is consistent with the vigorous investigation and prosecution of acts of such trafficking, as well as with the protection of human rights of victims and the internationally recognized human right to leave any country, including one’s own, and to return to one’s own country.

7. Whether the government of the country vigorously investigates, prosecutes, convicts, and sentences public officials, including diplomats and soldiers, who participate in or facilitate severe forms of trafficking in persons, including nationals of the country who are deployed abroad as part of a diplomatic, peacekeeping, or other similar mission who engage in or facilitate severe forms of trafficking in persons or exploit victims of such trafficking, and takes all appropriate measures against officials who condone or enable such trafficking. A government’s failure to appropriately address public allegations against such public officials, especially once such officials have returned to their home countries, shall be considered inaction under these criteria. After reasonable requests from the Department of State for data regarding such investigations, prosecutions, convictions, and sentences, a government which does not provide such data, consistent with a demonstrably increasing capacity of such government to obtain such data, shall be presumed not to have vigorously investigated, prosecuted, convicted, or sentenced such acts.

8. Whether the percentage of victims of severe forms of trafficking in the country that are non-citizens of such countries is insignificant.

9. Whether the government has entered into effective, transparent partnerships, cooperative arrangements, or agreements that have resulted in concrete and measurable outcomes with –

a. domestic civil society organizations, private sector entities, or international nongovernmental organizations, or into multilateral or regional arrangements or agreements, to assist the government’s efforts to prevent trafficking, protect victims, and punish traffickers; or

b. the United States toward agreed goals and objectives in the collective fight against trafficking.

10. Whether the government of the country, consistent with the capacity of such government, systematically monitors its efforts to satisfy the criteria described in paragraphs (1) through (8) and makes available publicly a periodic assessment of such efforts.

11. Whether the government of the country achieves appreciable progress in eliminating severe forms of trafficking when compared to the assessment in the previous year.

12. Whether the government of the country has made serious and sustained efforts to reduce the demand for –

a. commercial sex acts; and

b. participation in international sex tourism by nationals of the country.

Countries in the 2021 TIP Report that are not Party to the Protocol to Prevent, Suppress and Punish Trafficking In Persons, Especially Women and Children, supplementing the United Nations Convention against Transnational Organized Crime

Bhutan
Congo, Republic of the
Iran
Korea, North
Marshall Islands
Pakistan
Papua New Guinea
Solomon Islands
Somalia
South Sudan
Tonga
Uganda
Vanuatu
Yemen

Between April 2020 and March 2021, Comoros and Nepal became States Parties to the Protocol.

Global Law Enforcement Data

The 2003 reauthorization of the TVPA added to the original law a new requirement that foreign governments provide the Department of State with data on trafficking investigations, prosecutions, convictions, and sentences in order to fully meet the TVPA’s minimum standards for the elimination of trafficking (Tier 1). The 2004 TIP Report collected this data for the first time. The 2007 TIP Report showed for the first time a breakout of the number of total prosecutions and convictions that related to labor trafficking, placed in parentheses.

The above statistics are estimates derived from data provided by foreign governments and other sources and reviewed by the Department of State. Aggregate data fluctuates from one year to the next due to the hidden nature of trafficking crimes, dynamic global events, shifts in government efforts, and a lack of uniformity in national reporting structures. The numbers in parentheses are those of labor trafficking prosecutions, convictions, and victims identified.

2021 TIP Report Heroes

Each year, the Department of State honors individuals around the world who have devoted their lives to the fight against human trafficking. These individuals include NGO workers, lawmakers, government officials, survivors of human trafficking, and concerned citizens. They are recognized for their tireless efforts – despite some working in challenging environments where human trafficking concerns remain pervasive and facing resistance, opposition, or threats to their lives – to protect victims, punish offenders, and mitigate the underlying factors that cause vulnerabilities traffickers often target.

For more information about current and past TIP Report Heroes, please visit the TIP Report Heroes Global Network at www.tipheroes.org.

IMELDA POOLE | ALBANIA

Sister Imelda Poole’s leadership in the fight against human trafficking extends far beyond her own work to inspire others.  A force of nature, she has prioritized achieving systemic change through grassroots action and effective networking.  At the local and regional levels, she is persistent in advancing advocacy, outreach, and rehabilitation services to combat human trafficking.

Poole is a member of the Institute of the Blessed Virgin Mary (Mary Ward) congregation and serves as president of the Religious in Europe Networking Against Trafficking and Exploitation (RENATE), a network of European women religious from 21 countries combating human trafficking.  She has traveled throughout Europe, mentoring and training others and becoming a leading spokesperson for anti-trafficking initiatives in Europe.

Always discerning the needs of the moment, Poole adapts to meet new challenges.  When her ministry moved to Albania in 2005, she quickly established the anti-trafficking NGO Mary Ward Loreto (MWL) in Albania.  Under Poole’s strategic direction, MWL addresses the root causes of human trafficking, focusing on communities where Roma, migrants, women, and children are most vulnerable.  Poole and her staff have worked with more than 3,000 women.  They have set up 16 economic empowerment businesses throughout Albania, which aim to decrease women’s risk of exploitation by providing opportunities to participate in entrepreneurial projects in tourism, design, and education, among others.  In the past year, the MWL team has fervently worked to reduce the vulnerability of individuals and families in Albania affected by the COVID-19 pandemic to human trafficking.

Because of her passion for the cause to which she has committed her life, Poole works across borders to cultivate support for combating human trafficking and protecting vulnerable communities.

JOSIANE LINA BEMAKA-SOUI | CENTRAL AFRICAN REPUBLIC

Josiane Lina Bemaka-Soui has developed the Central African Republic’s national anti-trafficking response from the ground up.  In her role as Presidential Advisor and the national Disarmament, Demobilization, and Repatriation program’s Strategic Focal Point for Children, Bemaka-Soui operationalized the government’s nascent anti-trafficking interagency committee and led the development and implementation of the country’s first national action plan on human trafficking.  Bemaka-Soui’s tireless leadership and her efforts to forge these institutional frameworks resulted in the critical foundation for the government to steadily improve its efforts to combat human trafficking.

While facing pre- and post-election crises and an ongoing strain on resources, Bemaka-Soui has steadfastly made sure the interagency committee remains consistently engaged on the issue, and she has played a pivotal role in marshalling assistance from key partners and developing key training and outreach programs.  In February 2021, Bemaka-Soui spearheaded and oversaw the launch of  the government’s first radio campaign to raise awareness about human trafficking in the local language of Sango, thereby allowing the government to reach key communities.

Bemaka-Soui is also sensitive to the effects that human trafficking has on individuals and their communities. She has gone out of her way to meet with individuals in facilities for internally displaced persons, who may have been exploited, and made sure they were aware of their rights under the country’s laws.  Equally notable, she has personally assisted former child soldiers released from prison and used her own money to help cover expenses for necessities.

CHANTAL SAGBO SASSE EP. GUEDET MANDZELA | GABON

Chantal Sagbo Sasse has been at the forefront of Gabon’s anti-trafficking movement for more than two decades.  She launched one of the country’s preeminent NGOs dedicated to combating child trafficking, Service International de la Formation des Enfants de la Rue (SIFOS), in 2000 and has led the organization since its founding.

Under Sagbo Sasse’s courageous leadership and vision, SIFOS offers critical education to children who have experienced human trafficking, homelessness, or residential institutionalization.  She has diligently worked with community members, law enforcement and government officials, and other NGOs to ensure the country is proactively identifying victims and referring them to care.  Through her early work, Sagbo Sasse frequently interacted and established a deep connection with children who had survived human trafficking, many who were coming from Benin, her country of origin.  She and her team have developed anti-trafficking monitoring cells throughout the country’s capital composed of community members, whom SIFOS has trained and empowered to identify human trafficking within vulnerable populations, and to safely report suspected cases to authorities.  From 2000 to 2020, SIFOS helped identify 578 child trafficking victims and reintegrate 9,039 children into local society.

Sagbo Sasse was also a crucial member of Gabon’s anti-trafficking inter-ministerial committee and remains the country’s foremost leader on this issue.  In this committee, she played a major role in promoting victim identification and protections for child trafficking victims.  While the government disbanded the committee in 2019 due to a lack of funding, Sagbo Sasse continued to give her time to be a key advisor to government officials, closely coordinating with relevant ministries on victim identification and referral efforts.

SHOICHI IBUSUKI | JAPAN

Shoichi Ibusuki has been an unrelenting champion of protecting foreign workers’ rights, and he has worked tirelessly for years on behalf of foreign technical trainees to assist victims of forced labor and prevent abuse within Japan’s Technical Intern Training Program.  He is the Co-President of the Lawyers’ Network for Technical Intern Trainees, the President of the Lawyers Network for Foreign Workers, and a prominent legal expert in foreign labor issues.  Ibusuki’s advocacy, along with his unwavering and admirable dedication to helping foreign nationals enduring labor exploitation and protecting their human rights, have brought these issues to the forefront and raised their profile within Japan and around the world.

Ibusuki has sought justice on behalf of countless foreign workers by providing legal representation for those who are taking action against former employees for labor law violations.  Ibusuki not only has represented trafficking victims, many of whom participated in Japan’s Technical Intern Training Program, but also has been an outspoken advocate about the presence of forced labor in the program.  These courageous efforts have pushed the government to start identifying these individuals as human trafficking victims.  Ibusuki has gone further by advocating for the government to prohibit employers from retaining foreign workers’ passports and for Japan to impose tighter control on exploitation and human rights violations by labor brokers and intermediaries in sending countries. These measures will go a long way to preventing labor abuse and exploitation, especially forced labor.

SHAKHNOZA KHASSANOVA | KAZAKHSTAN

Shakhnoza Khassanova is the director of the Legal Center for Women’s Initiatives, “Sana Sezim.”  She has more than a decade of impressive experience raising awareness about human trafficking, advocating for greater victim protections, and aiding migrants and victims of human trafficking from across Central Asia.  Founded in 2001, Sana Sezim has been a premier anti-trafficking organization in Kazakhstan and has greatly advanced efforts within the country to end human trafficking and help labor migrants.

Led by Khassanova, Sana Sezim has worked tirelessly throughout the COVID-19 pandemic to keep its shelter open for trafficking victims and to raise awareness about safe migration and human trafficking.  Khassanova and Sana Sezim have bravely remained on the front lines to continue assisting migrants stranded at the Kazakhstan-Uzbekistan border due to pandemic closures, and who thus faced increased risk to human trafficking.  Sana Sezim also negotiated and partnered with government agencies in Kazakhstan, Uzbekistan, and Tajikistan to open repatriation channels for more than 100,000 stranded migrants amid government-mandated lockdowns and public health emergencies.

Under the unparalleled leadership and direction of Khassanova, Sana Sezim continues to provide access to justice for victims of trafficking by building the organizational capacity of civil society organizations and the judicial system to combat trafficking in persons.  Khassanova also works closely with local police to assist victims of trafficking who choose to participate in criminal proceedings.

Khassanova is highly respected by government officials and partners from international organizations. She trains government officials regularly, sharing important experiences on working with victims at Sana Sezim’s human trafficking shelter.

GUILLERMINA CABRERA FIGUEROA | MEXICO

Guillermina Cabrera Figueroa is the specialized prosecutor for human trafficking for the State of Mexico.  In addition to her anti-trafficking accomplishments in her current position, she has a track record of championing the rights of trafficking victims and providing them with services.

With her determination, endless work, and leadership while working in the federal government’s Specialized Investigations Office on Organized Crime, Mexico obtained its first criminal sentencing for crimes involving human trafficking and organized crime in June 2011.  In March 2013, Cabrera accepted the position of specialized prosecutor for human trafficking at the State of Mexico Attorney General’s Office.  In this position, Cabrera plays a pivotal role in advancing the office’s ability to investigate and prosecute human trafficking cases.  Since joining the Attorney General’s Office, her team has obtained 73 human trafficking convictions, issued 152 indictments for human trafficking, and initiated 941 human trafficking investigations.  She continues to be a guiding force, bringing out the best in her team.

Throughout her longstanding and impressive career in law enforcement, she has led multiple trainings for government personnel.  In an environment with extremely limited access to critical protection services, Cabrera and her office led efforts to secure funding for the creation of three victim shelters in Toluca, Huixquilucan, and Texcoco, which can now house up to 210 victims of trafficking.  Her office oversees the three shelters and partners with the inter-secretarial human trafficking commission, civil society organizations, among others to keep them running and provide services to the residents.

MOHAMMED AL-OBAIDLY | QATAR

Mohammed al-Obaidly is one of the most important Qatari figures advocating for labor and human trafficking reforms in Qatar.  As an Assistant Undersecretary within the Ministry of Administrative Development, Labor, and Social Affairs, he has initiated or executed many of the policies and programs that have had significant impacts for trafficking victims.  These include the creation of Labor Dispute Resolution Committees, the opening of the first and only shelter in the country for human trafficking victims, the removal of exit permit requirements for migrant workers, implementation of the minimum wage, and abolishment of the No Objection Certificate (migrant workers were previously required to obtain these certificates from their employer to transfer to another employer).

Qatar remains a difficult place for many migrant workers, and forced labor remains a serious concern in the country.  Al-Obaidly has not solved Qatar’s human trafficking or labor rights problems, and he would admit it.  However, he and his team at the Ministry have continued to strive toward the goal of increasing transparency and protections against forced labor for migrant workers.

Al-Obaidly and his team have been strategic and persistent in the drive to instill real change, even when the task at hand seemed impossible.  Despite facing resistance and, at times, criticism, he and his team continue to work toward the implementation of labor reforms and improvement of workers’ lives.  Most striking, al-Obaidly empowers his team and takes every opportunity for them to engage and share information with the public, including vulnerable communities, slowly building a passion for labor reforms within the Ministry.

ROCÍO MORA-NIETO | SPAIN

For 26 years, Rocío Mora-Nieto has dedicated her efforts to combat the sexual exploitation of women and, since the 1990s, sex trafficking in Spain through her work as director of the Association for the Prevention, Reintegration and Assistance of Prostituted Women (APRAMP). An outstanding and passionate activist, she has led APRAMP to be a pioneer in the implementation of strategies aimed at improving coordination between the judiciary, state security forces, and the national government, which has resulted in an effective blow against criminal organizations responsible for sex trafficking in Spain.

As APRAMP’s director, Mora has implemented a comprehensive victim-centered approach, which is reflected in APRAMP’s mobile unit. Those with lived experience help run the mobile units, and they are able to effectively identify and approach potential trafficking victims. In addition, APRAMP has a 24-hour hotline, short-term shelters, multidisciplinary care centers, witness protection resources, legal advice, psychological support, a job education center, and self-employment workshops.

During the three months of Spain’s lockdown due to the COVID-19 pandemic, under Mora’s leadership, APRAMP quickly redirected its efforts toward the detection of new spaces where commercial sex was happening. Doing so allowed the organization to continue connecting with potential trafficking victims, now hidden in private apartments and clandestine areas instead of clubs and brothels, which had been ordered to close due to the lockdown along with all other public spaces. As a result, APRAMP was able to remain active in reporting on sex trafficking trends, thus providing strategic information to other relevant stakeholders. During the pandemic, APRAMP also created intervention guides that set the standard for recent government guidelines for serving victims of trafficking.

Victim Stories & Photographs

The victim stories and photographs included in this report are meant to be illustrative [see PDF version for photos].  They characterize the many—though not all—forms of human trafficking and the wide variety of situations and location in which they occur.  Each victim story is based on real experiences, and the victims’ names have been changed as a result.  In many cases, the photographs of individuals used in this report are not images of confirmed human trafficking victims.  When victims or survivors are in a photo, identifying features have been removed or the photographer took the photo in collaboration with the individual pictured.

EUROPE

Liam and Jakob were experiencing homelessness in northern Europe when a person they thought was a prospective employer offered them a job in construction, along with room and board, in a neighboring country.  They left their country with fake passports and worked hard laying asphalt and stone in residential neighborhoods.  Their “employer” forced the men to work long hours, continually reduced their wages, and physically abused them.  They were routinely moved around and often unsure of where they were located.  When their “employer” abruptly left, the men were able to seek assistance at their national embassy.  Eventually, their “employer” was arrested and convicted of human trafficking.

INDIA

Facing extreme poverty in India due to COVID-19, Aarav’s parents sold him for US $21 to the owner of a bangle factory. The owner locked the 12-year-old in a dirty room with several other children and forced them to make bangles for 15 hours a day, using lacquer melted over dangerous burning coal and making only US $0.70 a week. The owner kept Aarav from communicating with his family and threatened physical abuse if he tried to leave. After receiving a tip from child rights activists, police conducted a raid to remove the children from the factory and arrest the trafficker. The government provided Aarav and the other victims support in the aftermath of the raid.

VENEZUELA — GUYANA

Katherin paid US $1,500 to escape Venezuela and find security and opportunity in Guyana. Within a month, a man hired her as a bilingual attendant at his store in the capital city of Georgetown.  When she arrived, she learned her boss owned a roadside stall instead of a store.  She also learned she would not have the rent-free apartment he promised.  Instead, Katherin’s boss forced her to stay in his home.  After three weeks of work, she was only paid US $23, far below the promised salary.

YEMEN

At the age of 10, Salih and his schoolmates went outside to play soccer after the school day finished.  While kicking a ball in an abandoned field outside of Marib, Yemen, Houthi rebels came charging for the boys.  The rebels kidnapped and took Salih and his peers to the Houthi home base.

The Houthi rebels gave the boys weapons and forced them to fight and guard checkpoints.  During a raid, Salih managed to run away to a displaced persons camp.  Salih still suffers from hearing loss due to 
explosions and airstrikes.  Many former child soldiers suffer from panic attacks due to trauma.

KAZAKHSTAN — CHINA

When Mei returned to Xinjiang Region in China to visit her ill father, Chinese officials stopped her at the border with Kazakhstan and seized her passport. They told her she could not go see her father, and that she must participate in 15 days of “education” because she was Muslim and an ethnic Kazakh. Mei instead spent more than a year in Chinese detention facilities where the authorities subjected her to political indoctrination and forced her to work in a factory making gloves for US $0.02 a pair. The Chinese authorities also made Mei stay in cells that were equipped with cameras and a loudspeaker. Eventually, they released Mei and allowed her to go back to Kazakhstan.

PHILIPPINES

Benilda was 12 when her neighbor, Joriz, offered to provide her with an education and a job to pay her siblings’ school fees if she moved with him to Manila.  Benilda’s parents trusted Joriz, so they allowed her to go with him.  At first when she arrived in Manila, nothing seemed wrong; Benilda enjoyed a comfortable life and went to a good school.  That all changed when, after a few months, Joriz took a nude photo of Benilda and then forced her to pose naked in front of a webcam.  Joriz began sexually abusing Benilda on camera, live-streaming it to the internet for money.  From there, Joriz exploited Benilda in another form of sex trafficking by forcing her to engage in commercial sex acts at local hotels.  Law enforcement officers eventually identified Benilda, and social workers assisted her in getting the help she needed.

CHILE — UNITED STATES

Vicente was thrilled when he was recruited and offered an educational visa to attend community college in the United States.  The college program promised free tuition for a two-year degree program in Culinary Arts, free room and board, and an internship.  After arriving in the United States, Vicente and several other Chilean students learned their program had been changed from a two-year program to a one-year program in food services.  Instead of an internship, the school required the Chilean students to work 40 hours per week in a meat processing plant to pay off a debt for the academic program—that they had been told would be tuition-free—and pay for food and housing out of their wages.  The school administrators forced Vicente and the other students to adhere to an exhausting work and academic schedule and threatened deportation and legal action if they failed to comply or skipped a work shift.  When the school closed the educational visa program after complaints were filed, it encouraged students to self-deport.

Tier Placements and Regional Maps

TIER PLACEMENTS

Tier 1

Argentina
Australia
Austria
Bahamas, The
Bahrain
Belgium
Canada
Chile
Colombia
Czech Republic
Estonia
Finland
France
Georgia
Guyana
Korea, South
Lithuania
Luxembourg
Namibia
Netherlands
Philippines
Singapore
Slovenia
Spain
Sweden
Taiwan
United Kingdom
United States of America

Tier 2

Albania
Angola
Antigua and Barbuda
Armenia
Bangladesh
Benin
Bolivia
Bosnia and Herzegovina
Botswana
Brazil
Bulgaria
Cabo Verde
Central African Republic
Congo, Republic of the
Costa Rica
Cote D’Ivoire
Croatia
Cyprus
Denmark
Dominican Republic
Ecuador
Egypt
El Salvador
Eswatini
Fiji
Gabon
Germany
Ghana
Greece
Guatemala
Honduras
Hungary
Iceland
India
Indonesia
Iraq
Israel
Italy
Japan
Jamaica
Jordan
Kazakhstan
Kyrgyz Republic
Kenya
Kosovo
Kuwait
Laos
Latvia
Lebanon
Madagascar
Malawi
Maldives
Malta
Mauritius
Mexico
Micronesia
Moldova
Mongolia
Montenegro
Morocco
Mozambique
New Zealand
Niger
Nigeria
Nepal
North Macedonia
Norway
Oman
Panama
Paraguay
Peru
Poland
Portugal
Qatar
Rwanda
Saint Lucia
St. Vincent and the Grenadines
Saudi Arabia
Serbia
Seychelles
Sierra Leone
Slovak Republic
Solomon Islands
Sudan
Suriname
Switzerland
Tajikistan
Togo
Tunisia
Turkey
Ukraine
United Arab Emirates
Uruguay
Uzbekistan
Vanuatu

Tier 2 Watch List

Aruba
Azerbaijan
Barbados
Belarus
Belize
Bhutan
Brunei
Burkina Faso
Burundi
Cambodia
Cameroon
Chad
Congo, Democratic Republic of the
Curaçao
Djibouti
Equatorial Guinea
Ethiopia
Gambia, The
Guinea
Haiti
Hong Kong
Ireland
Lesotho
Liberia
Macau
Mali
Marshall Islands
Mauritania
Pakistan
Palau
Papua New Guinea
Romania
Senegal
Sint Maarten
South Africa
Sri Lanka
Tanzania
Thailand
Timor-Leste
Tonga
Trinidad and Tobago
Uganda
Vietnam
Zambia
Zimbabwe

Tier 3

Afghanistan
Algeria
Burma
China
Comoros
Cuba
Eritrea
Guinea-Bissau
Iran
Korea, North
Malaysia
Nicaragua
Russia
South Sudan
Syria
Turkmenistan
Venezuela

Special Case

Libya
Somalia
Yemen

Human Trafficking: TVPA Minimum Standards for the Elimination of Trafficking in Persons

Part 5 of a 7 part series

https://discerning-Islam.org

Last Updated:    07/2022

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